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生物能源趋势 - IEA生物能源释放更新的国家报告

IEA Bioenergy, a Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) within the International Energy Agency (IEA) has released its updated Country Reports, showing the trends of bioenergy in the IEA Bioenergy member countries up to 2019, looking at the role of bioenergy in total energy supply (TES), in electricity use, total fuel/heat consumption, and in transport energy consumption.

IEA生物能量成员国人均总能源供应(TES)的演变(数据来源:IEA(2021)世界能量平衡和可再生能源信息)。

这summary report ‘IEA Bioenergy Countries’ Report – update 2021: Implementation of bioenergy in the IEA Bioenergy member countries’对不同国家的结果进行了比较概述。这individual country reportsare available as separate reports.

Local conditions matter

IEA生物能源成员国具有独特的特征,影响其可再生能源和生物能源潜力。国家规模和人口密度以及地形,气候条件和土地利用分配尤其重要。

Countries with low population density tend to have higher potential availability of domestic biomass resources, while countries with high population density tend to rely much more on imports for their energy and resource requirements.

能量混合

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) still play a dominating role in most countries. Only in Brazil, Finland, France, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland do renewable energy and nuclear energy represent more than half of the total energy supply.

这re is a strong decreasing trend of coal in several countries, particularly in Europe and North America; however, in the past 5 years, many countries had an increase in natural gas use – in part compensating for the decrease in coal. The consumption of fossil oil is fairly stable.

除了水力水平升高的国家外,生物能源占大多数国家可再生能源供应的一半以上。

Four categories of biomass are considered: solid biomass, biogas/biomethane, and liquid biofuels, and the renewable part of municipal waste. Solid biomass includes forestry wood and residues, residues from wood processing and pulp & paper industries, agricultural residues (straw), and wood waste.

Solid biomass remains the dominant category of biomass used for energy in all countries.

Germany is most advanced in biogas/biomethane use; among other countries catching up, Denmark has taken major steps, almost tripling its biogas use in 4 years. Liquid biofuels are again on the rise as transport fuel after some slowdown in the 2010-2015 period.

使用市政固体废物(MSW)进行电力和/或热量生产与一个国家的废物管理开发阶段有关,该国家在斯堪的纳维亚半岛和西欧非常先进。通常,大约一半的MSW可再生/生物基础。

Renewables and bioenergy in different sectors

Bioenergy plays a role in the three main energy sectors: electricity, fuel/heat consumption, and transport energy consumption. While for electricity generation different types of renewables (hydropower, wind, solar, biomass) play a role, bioenergy is the dominant renewable energy type for heat provision and for transport energy use.

这sustainability of biomass sourcing is high on the agenda.

Electricity:这main growth for renewable electricity in the past decade has been in wind power, followed by solar power and biomass-based power. In Denmark, Finland and Estonia, bioelectricity represents more than 15 percent of electricity production, and also more than 10 percent in the UK, Sweden, Germany, and Brazil. Bioelectricity is mainly produced from solid biomass, except for some countries that mainly use biogas (Germany, Italy, and Croatia) and for Switzerland that rely more on MSW.

Heat:fossil fuels still dominate, typically exceeding 75 percent of total fuel/heat provision. For fuel/heat provision, biomass is the dominant renewable source. The traditional use of biomass in emerging economies is going down, often replaced by fossil fuels. Most important progress in modern uses of biomass for heat has been made in countries with a strong presence of district heating and/or wood processing industries. Denmark, Estonia, Sweden, and Finland had important progress in the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass in centralized heat production.

Transport:该行业是最具挑战性的行业,在大多数国家 /地区仍然由95%的化石燃料主导。巴西和瑞典在运输方面的可再生能源份额分别为25%和21%,挪威和芬兰也达到了10%以上。可再生能源以生物燃料为主,生物柴油和生物乙醇是主要的生物燃料类型。近年来,朝着高级(主要基于残留的生物燃料)的趋势越来越多。

Renewable electricity is considered an important option in transport, particularly in the car segment. However, electricity use currently only represents between 0.1 and 4 percent of transport energy, most of it in rail.

While EV sales will increase in the coming years, the replacement of the car fleet will take time so fuels will still be needed for the car sector in the next few decades.

此外,相当一段时间,重型和长途运输部门仍将依赖燃料。因此,可再生燃料将仍然是取代化石燃料运输中的重要选择。

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